Trabalho remoto e uso de redes sociais como instrumentos de extensão e aprendizagem durante a pandemia de COVID-19 / Remote work and the use of social networks as extension and learning tools during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivo: Descrever a experiência do uso de redes sociais como instrumentos em ações de educação em saúde, promoção e prevenção durante a pandemia de COVID-19. Metodologia: Trata-se de um estudo descritivo realizado no projeto de extensão "Sustentabilidade do PET-SAÚDE Interprofissionalidade" dando continuidade às ações interventivas do curso de Odontologia da Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, campus Governador Valadares-MG, que realizou ações de promoção de saúde em atenção primária entre abril de 2020 e junho de 2021. O projeto teve a participação de 4 discentes e 2 docentes do curso de Odontologia da UFJF/GV com parceria da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Governador Valadares-MG. As ações foram desenvolvidas pelos discentes, os quais dividiram o processo em nove etapas. As atividades foram veiculadas pelas redes sociais sob o título "Vida Saudável e Autocuidado: PET-Saúde Interprofissionalidade UFJF/GV". Resultados: Foram realizadas 37 postagens com abordagem de 33 assuntos, alguns temas foram divididos entre partes 1 e 2, para melhor enfoque das comunicações. Obtivemos na rede social Instagram um total de 175 seguidores que acompanhavam as publicações feitas semanalmente. Os materiais produzidos também foram postados em formato de vídeo no Youtube e compartilhados no Facebook, visando aumentar a interação com os seguidores, somando 642 visualizações. As postagens atingiram o total de 1510 curtidas nas páginas do projeto. Conclusão: As redes sociais demostraram ser inovadoras na disseminação de informação para a população, alcançando a troca de saberes, no processo ensino-aprendizagem em tempos de pandemia, possibilitando o desenvolvimento de competências necessárias para a formação profissional.(AU)

Objective: To describe the experience of using social networks as instruments in health education, promotion and prevention actions during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methodology: This is a descriptive study carried out in the extension project "Sustainability of PET-SAÚDE Interprofissionalidade", continuing the interventional actions of the Dentistry course at the Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Governador Valadares-MG campus, which carried out actions to promote health in primary care between April 2020 and June 2021. The project had the participation of 4 students and 2 professors from the UFJF/GV Dentistry course in partnership with the Municipal Health Department of Governador Valadares-MG. The actions were developed by the students, who divided the process into nine stages. The activities were broadcast on social networks under the title "Healthy Life and Self-Care: PET-Saúde Interprofissionalidade UFJF/GV". Results: 37 posts were made covering 33 subjects, some themes were divided into parts 1 and 2, for a better focus on communications. We obtained a total of 175 followers on the Instagram social network that followed the publications made weekly. The materials produced were also posted in video format on Youtube and shared on Facebook, aiming to increase interaction with followers, totaling 642 views. Posts reached a total of 1510 likes on the project pages. Conclusion: Social networks proved to be innovative in disseminating information to the population, achieving the exchange of knowledge in the teaching-learning process in times of pandemic, enabling the development of skills necessary for professional training. (AU)

Malocclusion and Associated Factors in Early Childhood and Knowledge Level of Mothers from Childcare Groups

ABSTRACT Objective: To determine the prevalence of malocclusion and associated factors in children and the level of knowledge of mothers participating in the child care group of a basic health unit. Material and Methods: This is a cross-sectional study conducted in children between 18 and 72 months of a childcare group in Pelotas. Children whose parents or legal guardians signed the informed consent term participated in the study. Data were collected through a questionnaire previously tested and applied to the mothers, and a clinical examination of children's occlusion were performed by examiners after training and calibration. Statistical analysis was descriptive and analytic. In the bivariate analyses, it was used the Pearson, Fisher or Linear Trend Qui-Square tests and, in the multivariate analysis, the Poisson regression. Prevalence ratios and 95% confidence intervals were obtained, and a p-value <0.05 was used. Results: Forty-seven children were included and 41.3% presented malocclusion. The prevalence of malocclusion was associated with a higher number of children in the family (p<0.005) and breastfeeding for more than 12 months (p<0.05). The highest prevalence of open bite was associated with the use of a pacifier and working mothers (p<0.05). Conclusion: Most mothers reported having knowledge about the time and use of pacifiers in childhood. In this group, the prevalence of malocclusion in children was high and associated with behavioral and social factors.

ABORDAGEM DAS TEMÁTICAS "SAÚDE BUCAL DE GESTANTES E BEBÊS" E "SAÚDE DO HOMEM" EM SALAS DE ESPERA: SIGNIFICÂNCIAS POLÍTICO-PEDAGÓGICAS DAS EXPERIMENTAÇÕES VIVENCIADAS EM UM ESTÁGIO SUPERVISIONADO / APPROACH TO THEMES "BUCAL HEALTH OF GESTANTS AND BABIES" AND "MAN'S HEALTH" IN WAITING ROOMS: POLITICAL-PEDAGOGICAL MEANINGS OF THE EXPERIMENTS ENCOURAGED IN A SUPERVISED STAGE

Objetivo: analisar as significâncias político-pedagógicas de duas vivências experimentadas ("Saúde bucal de gestantes e bebês" e "Saúde do homem") por estagiários de um curso de Odontologia em salas de espera de uma Unidade de Atenção Primária de Saúde (UAPS). Metodologia: estudo qualitativo transversalmente estruturado sob estratégia narrativo-descritiva e moldado à técnica argumentativa. Resultados: o "Estágio Supervisionado em Unidade de Atenção Primária I" foi didaticamente sistematizado em dois períodos, "Pré-intervenção" e "Intervenção". Do primeiro, se desvendaram três ações, a "Pactualização do enlace ensino-serviço-comunidade", a "Contextualização dos acadêmicos estagiários" e a "Estruturação e ambientalização das equipes de trabalho". Já o segundo foi guiado pela lógica pedagógica do instrumento "TPC" (Teorizar-Praticar-Criticar), onde todas as ações programadas seguiram a lógica ativa do planejamento estratégico, ou seja, contextualizadas às realidades do cenário de prática, ou seja, salas de espera da Unidade de Atenção Primária de Saúde do bairro JK do município de Governador Valadares, MG. Conclusão: das experimentações vivenciadas algumas inferências merecem destaque: a concepção pedagógica de estratégias práticas de ensino pautadas na articulação ensino-serviço-comunidade; a escuta na identificação dos problemas/demandas a serem enfrentadas pela equipe estagiária; o reconhecimento do potencial dos ambientes de espera para a implantação de ações educativas; a importância de disseminar os aprendizados advindos de experimentações práticas de estágios.

Objective: to analyze the political-pedagogical significance of two experienced experiences ("Oral Health of Pregnant Women and Babies" and "Men's Health") by trainees of a Dentistry course in waiting rooms of a Primary Health Care Unit. Methodology: qualitative study transversally structured under a narrative-descriptive strategy and molded to the argumentative technique. Results: The "Supervised Internship in Primary Care Unit I" was systematized in two periods, "Pre-intervention" and "Intervention". From the first, three actions were unveiled, the "Pactualization of the teaching-service-community link", the "Contextualization of trainee academics" and the "Structuring and environmentalization of work teams". The second one was guided by the pedagogical logic of the instrument "TPC" (Theorizar-Praticar-Criticar), where all the actions programmed followed the active logic of strategic planning, that is, contextualized to the realities of the practice scenario, expects the Primary Health Care Unit of the JK district of the municipality of Governador Valadares, MG. Conclusion: from the weightings listed some inferences deserve to be highlighted: the pedagogical conception of practical teaching strategies based on the teaching-service-community articulation; listening in the identification of problems / demands to be faced by the trainee team; the recognition of the potential of waiting environments for the implementation of educational actions; the importance of disseminating the learning that comes from practical experimentation of internships.

Education Program for Health Work "PETSAÚDE" for the professional formation of dentists: lessons learned in primary care / Programa de Educação pelo trabalho para a saúde "PET-SAÚDE" na formação profissional de dentistas: lesões aprendidas na atenção primária

Objective: analyse the results of the PET-SAÚDE/GRADUASUS in dental formation and integration between university, service and community. Method: this study reports the experience of one of the tutorial teams of the PET-SAÚDE/GRADUASUS program. Between June 2016 and April 2017 diagnosis, strategic planning and an intervention were carried out in the community of São Raimundo I Family Health Strategy (ESF) in Governador Valadares-MG. Educational actions were carried out at the operative groups, home visits, schools and the waiting rooms of the Basic Unit, focusing on priorities of public oral health problems. Results: as results of the educational actions, the over demand of the public health professional decreased. The community benefited by the increase assistance regarding health promotion and prevention actions, motivating an active participation of the population in its own health-disease process. In the student perception, the knowledge about the health and the public health system was improve, through the application of theoretical concepts in the reality of health practices, and the acquisition of capacities and abilities necessaries for the practice in health. Conclusion: the actions performed as part of the program, promoted positive impacts in the professional formation, benefited the service and the community and the integration between them.(AU)

Objetivo: analisar a percepção do impacto do programa PET-SAÚDE/GRADUASUS na formação em odontologia e na interação ensino, serviço e comunidade. Metodologia: trata-se de um relato das ações realizadas e da percepção dos discentes de odontologia na formação profissional odontológica e na integração ensino, serviço e comunidade do programa PET-SAÚDE/GRADUASUS. Durante um ano, foram realizadas e registradas atividades em conjunto com a equipe de saúde bucal de diagnóstico situacional, planejamento estratégico e de intervenção na comunidade da área de abrangência da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) São Raimundo I. Foram realizadas ações educativas nos grupos operativos, visitas domiciliares, escolas e salas de espera da ESF focando em agravos à saúde prioritários. Resultados: em decorrência das ações de educação, a sobrecarga da demanda do profissional diminuiu. A comunidade recebeu maior assistência das ações de prevenção, promovendo-se a participação ativa no processo saúde-doença. Na percepção discente, houve a ampliação do conhecimento sobre a o processo saúde-doença e o Sistema Único de Saúde, por meio da vivência prática de conceitos teóricos, assim como a aquisição de habilidades e capacidades necessárias para a atuação em saúde. Conclusão: as ações realizadas como parte do programa promoveram resultados positivos na formação profissional, beneficiando o serviço e a comunidade, bem como a integração entre eles.(AU)

"Pet-Saúde em extensão como instrumento de sustentabilidade do enlace ensino-serviço-comunidade": um relato de experiência dos discentes extensionistas de odontologia / "Pet-Saúde in extension as an instrument of sustainability of the education-service-community link": an experience report of the extensionist students of dentistry

Objetivo: o objetivo foi relatar a experiência das vivências de estudantes de Odontologia que participam de um projeto de extensão realizado na atenção básica. Metodologia: o projeto foi desenvolvido na Estratégia de Saúde da Família Santa Helena I na cidade de Governador Valadares-MG que atende em média 2.500 habitantes, contendo como a participação de duas acadêmicas do curso de Odontologia e o apoio tutorial de docentes da Universidade Federal de Juiz Fora campus Governador Valadares e da cirurgiã-dentista da ESF. As atividades foram realizadas visando atender as demandas dos usuários e do serviço que incluíram ações educativas e preventivas em sala de espera, visitas domiciliares, grupos operativos e programa de saúde com escolares, nos quais foram explanados temas a respeito de diversas doenças crônicas. Resultados: por meio das ações de promoção de saúde a visão discente sobre as condições de saúde e de vida da população da área de abrangência foi expandida, permitindo associar a teoria à prática e conhecer a importância do contexto no processo saúde doença. As atividades nas escolas visando à prevenção de doenças bucais permitiram o envolvimento direto com as atividades parte do programa de saúde escolar. Atividades em grupos operativos foram realizadas juntamente com os profissionais do Nasf, o que possibilitou a transmissão de conhecimentos. Conclusão: a participação no projeto de extensão do Pet-Saúde proporcionou as discentes uma experiência diferenciada no cenário de ensino-aprendizagem, tendo exemplos práticos da atuação na Atenção Primária de diversos profissionais da saúde.(AU)

Objective: To report the experiences of dental students participating in an extension project performed in primary health care. Method: The project was developed in the Santa Helena Family Health Strategy I in the city of Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil. The unit is responsible of an average of 2,500 inhabitants and the project included the participation of two dental students, the tutorial support of professors from the Federal University of Juiz de Fora (Governador Valadares campus), and the dentist of the unit. The activities were performed to meet the demands of users and the service, including educational and preventive actions in the waiting room, home visits, operative groups, and a health program with students, which explained topics concerning different chronic diseases. Results: The health promotion activities expanded the understanding of students regarding health and life conditions of the population within the coverage area, allowing to associate theory with practice and to acknowledge the importance of context in the health-disease process. The activities performed in schools to prevent oral diseases allowed the direct involvement with the activities of the school health program. Activities in the operative groups were performed along with NASF professionals, which enabled the transmission of knowledge. Conclusion: The participation in the Pet-Saúde extension project provided the students with a different experience in the teaching- learning scenario, with practical examples of the work in primary care from various health professionals.(AU)

Prevalência de traumatismos maxilofaciais causados por agressão ou violência física em mulheres adultas e os fatores associados: uma revisão de literatura / Prevalence of maxillofacial trauma caused by aggression or physical violence to adult women and the associated factors: a literature review

O traumatismo maxilofacial de mulheres causado porviolência tem sido mais abordado nos últimos anos. Oaumento dos casos tem sido acompanhado do aumentodas denúncias de violência contra a mulher, tornando oproblema mais visível à sociedade. Objetivo: o presentetrabalho teve o objetivo de fazer uma revisão de literaturaque aborda a prevalência de traumas maxilofaciaisdecorrentes de violência física contra mulheres e os fatoresrelacionados às lesões. Revisão de literatura: os estudosreportaram prevalências entre 24,4% e 81,0% detraumatismos maxilofaciais em mulheres causados porviolência. A maioria aponta o marido ou o companheirocomo principal agressor e o uso de força física comoprincipal tipo de agressão. Mulheres com idades entre 20e 39 anos, dependentes econômicas ou de baixa renda ecom nível de escolaridade inferior são mais susceptíveisa apresentar traumatismo maxilofacial mais prevalentenos tecidos moles. As consequências mais relatadasentre as mulheres com traumatismos maxilofaciais porviolência incluem problemas de autopercepção, de inter-relação social e de baixa autoestima. Consideraçõesfinais: conclui-se que a prevalência de traumatismosmaxilofaciais por violência em mulheres é alta, estandorelacionada à idade, à dependência econômica, ao graude escolaridade, à ocupação e a problemas psicoafetivosque podem também influenciar a dinâmica familiar. (AU)

Maxillofacial trauma caused by violence to women has been addressed more in recent years. The increase of trauma has been accompanied by an increase in the reported cases of violence to women, making the problem more visible to society. Objective: by means of a literature review, the present study aimed to review the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma caused by physical violence to women and the factors related to such injuries. Literature review: the studies reported that the prevalence of maxillofacial trauma in women due to violence was between 24.4% and 81.0%. Most studies indicate the husband or partner as the primary aggressor, and the use of physical force as the main type of aggression. Women aged between 20 and 39 years, who are economic dependent or have low income and low level of education are more likely to present maxillofacial trauma more prevalent in soft tissues. The consequences most reported among women with maxillofacial trauma caused by violence included issues regarding self-perception, social interrelation, and low self-esteem. Final considerations: it is concluded that the prevalence maxillofacial trauma caused by violence to women is high and it is related to age, economic dependence, level of education, occupation, and psycho-affective problems, which may also influence family dynamics. (AU)

Tooth Erosion Association with Obesity: Findings from a Brazilian Survey in Schoolchildren

Objective: To evaluate a possible association between tooth erosion and weight status in Brazilian schoolchildren. Material and Methods: 1211 children aged 8-12-year-old from public and private schools in Southern Brazil were selected by a two-stage cluster method. Oral conditions were assessed by six trained and calibrated examiners. Tooth erosion assessment was determined by using the O´Sullivan index. Anthropometric measures were taken in order to obtain the body mass index. Socio-demographic and behavioral data were collected using questionnaires in children and parents. Multivariate Poisson regression model considering the cluster sample was used for data analysis (Prevalence ratio - PR; 95% Confidence Interval - CI). Results: Tooth erosion was observed in 25.1% of the children. Obesity and overweight prevalence was 34.6%. In the multivariate adjusted model, tooth erosion was associated with children from private schools (PR 1.68; 95%CI 1.05-2.68) and higher frequency of physical activity weekly (PR 1.48; 95%CI 1.04-2.09), whereas dental crowding in both arches was considered a protective effect (PR 0.55; 95%CI 0.34-0.89). In the stratified analysis regarding the type of school, children from private schools presented a positive association between tooth erosion and obesity (PR 3.26; 95%CI 1.38-7.69). Conclusion: Tooth erosion was not associated with obesity in the total sample. Socioeconomic differences seem to influence the relationship tooth erosion and obesity.

Prevalence and Associated Factors of Tooth Erosion in 8 -12-Year-Old Brazilian Schoolchildren.

OBJECTIVE: This study estimated the prevalence, distribution and associated factors of tooth erosion in Brazilian schoolchildren. STUDY DESIGN: A cross-sectional study was carried out in a representative sample of children aged 8-12-years-old from public and private schools. Six calibrated examiners assessed tooth erosion (O'Sullivan index) and other oral conditions (dental trauma, enamel defects, plaque, dental caries and dental crowding). Socio-demographic and behavioral data were collected using questionnaires. Interviews were conducted in children and in parents. Data were analyzed using Poisson regression model considering the cluster sample (Prevalence Ratio-PR; 95% Confidence Interval-CI). RESULTS: A total of 1,210 children participated and were examined. Tooth erosion was observed in 25.1% of the children. Lesions were mostly observed in enamel and less than a half of the buccal surface was affected. The type of school and age were significant associated with higher prevalence of tooth erosion and dental crowding was associated with less probability of tooth erosion significantly. Acidic food or drinks were not associated with dental erosion. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of tooth erosion in the studied population was high. Erosive lesions were not severe, confined in enamel. Tooth erosion was associated with age, type of school, socioeconomic level and dental crowding.

Electrochemical Cathodic Polarization, a Simplified Method That Can Modified and Increase the Biological Activity of Titanium Surfaces: A Systematic Review.

BACKGROUND: The cathodic polarization seems to be an electrochemical method capable of modifying and coat biomolecules on titanium surfaces, improving the surface activity and promoting better biological responses. OBJECTIVE: The aim of the systematic review is to assess the scientific literature to evaluate the cellular response produced by treatment of titanium surfaces by applying the cathodic polarization technique. DATA, SOURCES, AND SELECTION: The literature search was performed in several databases including PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Science Direct, Scielo and EBSCO Host, until June 2016, with no limits used. Eligibility criteria were used and quality assessment was performed following slightly modified ARRIVE and SYRCLE guidelines for cellular studies and animal research. RESULTS: Thirteen studies accomplished the inclusion criteria and were considered in the review. The quality of reporting studies in animal models was low and for the in vitro studies it was high. The in vitro and in vivo results reported that the use of cathodic polarization promoted hydride surfaces, effective deposition, and adhesion of the coated biomolecules. In the experimental groups that used the electrochemical method, cellular viability, proliferation, adhesion, differentiation, or bone growth were better or comparable with the control groups. CONCLUSIONS: The use of the cathodic polarization method to modify titanium surfaces seems to be an interesting method that could produce active layers and consequently enhance cellular response, in vitro and in vivo animal model studies.

Removable orthodontic appliances: frequency and cleaning agents used by students and recommended by dentists

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence and hygiene habits of 13-19 years-old adolescent users of removableorthodontic appliances (ROA) and to determine hygiene methods for the appliances prescribed bydentists, in the city of Pelotas. Methods: The study had two stages. The first stage was a telephoneinterview with dentists. Dentists were interview by telephone calls in order to obtain informationregarding the hygiene methods for cleaning acrylic appliances. Second stage was a cross-sectionalstudy performed with schoolchildren. Children from public and private schools with secondary levelwere included in the sample. A questionnaire was applied to the students using any type of ROA.Questionnaires included demographic information and behavioral characteristics. Data collectedwere subjected to Chi-square test and logistic regression. Results: The prevalence of children usingROA was 5.4%. Students (89.7%) and dentists (47.2%) reported to prefer mechanical methods toclean their ROA. Cleaning with soup, hydrogen peroxide or effervescent tabs were less used. Highfrequency of use was associated with higher frequency of hygiene on the ROA. Conclusions: Theprevalence of schoolchildren using removable appliances was low. The common cleaning methodused by children and prescribed by dentists was mechanical. Hygiene frequency was significantlyassociated with the routine of use of the appliance and with the type of hygiene method.

Factors influencing dental appearance satisfaction in adolescents: a cross-sectional study conducted in Southern Brazil

The perception of dental aesthetic appearance may affect social interaction and psychologicalstatus, influencing dental needs and the search for treatments. Aim: To investigate the satisfactionwith dental appearance and influencing factors among adolescents. Methods: The study was carriedout among adolescents aged 14 to 19 years attending a private high school in Brazil. Data ondemographic information, the perception of dental appearance, previous aesthetic treatments andwish to perform dental treatments were collected in the school. Data were analyzed using Pearson’schi-square test or Linear Trend. Multivariate analysis was performed using the Poisson regression.Results: A total of 531 adolescents (Response rate = 98.3%) answered the questionnaire. Theprevalence of dissatisfaction with dental appearance was 17.4%. Almost 65% had history of previousorthodontic treatment and 16% performed dental bleaching. Approximately 45% of children wishedto undergo orthodontics and 54.8% to bleach their teeth. Dissatisfaction with dental appearancewas associated with individuals unsatisfied with dental color (95% IC[1.73;4.32]), those perceivingpoor dental alignment (PR3.16 95% IC[2.11;4.72]) and those wishing orthodontic treatment (PR2.9;95% IC[1.79; 4.70]). Conclusions: The prevalence of dissatisfaction was considerable and wasassociated with aesthetic concerns such as tooth color, dental alignment and with the wish fororthodontics. In this young population, a large part of adolescents had already performed orthodonticand bleaching treatments and wished to perform those treatments again. Satisfaction with dentalappearance could affect the adolescents’ behavior regarding search for dental treatment, thuscausing possible overtreatment.

In Situ and In Vitro Effects of Two Bleaching Treatments on Human Enamel Hardness.

The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in situ the effects of two bleaching treatments on human enamel surface microhardness. Sixty enamel slabs from recently extracted thirty molars were used. The specimens were polished with sandpapers under water-cooling. The enamel samples were randomly divided in four groups, treated with 10% hydrogen peroxide (HP) or Whitening Strips (WS) containing 10% hydrogen peroxide and using two conditions: in vitro or in situ model. For in situ condition, six volunteers wore an intra-oral appliance containing enamel slabs, while for in vitro condition the specimens were kept in deionized water after the bleaching protocols. The bleaching treatments were applied one-hour daily for 14 days. Similar amounts of bleaching agents were used in both conditions. Before and after bleaching treatments, microhardness was measured. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey test) showed that in the in situ condition there was no statistically significant microhardness reduction in the bleached enamel (p>0.05). Significant decrease in hardness was observed for enamel slabs bleached with both treatments in the in vitro condition (p<0.05). Regarding the bleaching agents, in situ results showed no difference between HP and WS, while in vitro WS produced the lowest hardness value. It could be concluded that there was no deleterious effect on enamel produced by any of the bleaching protocols used in the in situ model. The reduction of hardness was only observed in vitro.

In Situ and In Vitro Effects of Two Bleaching Treatments on Human Enamel Hardness

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate in vitro and in situ the effects of two bleaching treatments on human enamel surface microhardness. Sixty enamel slabs from recently extracted thirty molars were used. The specimens were polished with sandpapers under water-cooling. The enamel samples were randomly divided in four groups, treated with 10% hydrogen peroxide (HP) or Whitening Strips (WS) containing 10% hydrogen peroxide and using two conditions: in vitro or in situ model. For in situ condition, six volunteers wore an intra-oral appliance containing enamel slabs, while for in vitro condition the specimens were kept in deionized water after the bleaching protocols. The bleaching treatments were applied one-hour daily for 14 days. Similar amounts of bleaching agents were used in both conditions. Before and after bleaching treatments, microhardness was measured. Statistical analysis (ANOVA and Tukey test) showed that in the in situ condition there was no statistically significant microhardness reduction in the bleached enamel (p>0.05). Significant decrease in hardness was observed for enamel slabs bleached with both treatments in the in vitro condition (p<0.05). Regarding the bleaching agents, in situ results showed no difference between HP and WS, while in vitro WS produced the lowest hardness value. It could be concluded that there was no deleterious effect on enamel produced by any of the bleaching protocols used in the in situ model. The reduction of hardness was only observed in vitro.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro e in situ os efeitos de dois tratamentos clareadores sobre a microdureza do esmalte dental humano. Sessenta blocos de esmalte obtidos de trinta molares recentemente extraídos foram utilizados. Os espécimes foram polidos com lixas sob refrigeração com água. As amostras de esmalte foram divididas aleatoriamente em quatro grupos e tratadas com 10% de peróxido de hidrogênio (HP) ou fitas de clareamento (WS) contendo 10% de peróxido de hidrogênio, testadas em duas condições experimentais: in vitro ou in situ. Para o ensaio in situ, seis voluntários foram selecionados e usaram um aparelho intra-oral contendo blocos de esmalte, enquanto que para a condição in vitro, os espécimes foram mantidos em água deionizada após os protocolos de clareamento. Os tratamentos clareadores foram aplicadas durante uma hora/dia durante 14 dias. Quantidades semelhantes de agentes de clareamento foram usadas nas duas condições. Antes e após os tratamentos de clareamento, a análise da microdureza foi realizada. A análise estatística (ANOVA e teste de Tukey) mostrou que, na condição in situ não houve redução estatisticamente significante na microdureza do esmalte clareado (p>0,05). Diminuição significativa na dureza foi observada nos blocos de esmalte clareados, em ambos os tratamentos, na condição in vitro (p <0,05). Em relação aos agentes de clareamento, os resultados in situ não mostraram nenhuma diferença entre a HP e WS, enquanto que in vitro, WS produziu o menor valor de dureza. Conclui-se que não houve nenhum efeito deletério na dureza do esmalte, em nenhum dos protocolos de clareamento ao usar um modelo in situ. A diminuição da dureza foi observada somente na condição in vitro.

Erosão dentária na dentição permanente: epidemiologia e diagnóstico / Dental erosion in permanent dentition: epidemiology and diagnosis

Objetivo: o presente estudo literário revisou e analisou estudos epidemiológicos, realizados em crianças de 8 a 19 anos com dentição permanente, sem tratamentos ortodônticos ou problemas sistêmicos, e que tenham avaliado possíveis fatores comumente associados à erosão. Revisão de literatura: a erosão dentária (ED) é definida como a perda de tecido duro da superfície dental dada por influência química sem envolvimento bacteriano. É uma condição bucal multifatorial associada a fatores extrínsecos, como a ingestão de bebidas carbonatadas e ácidas, ou intrínsecos, como a associação a episódios de regurgitação, que resultam na desmineralização da superfície dentária. O desgaste por erosão é comumente associado a outros tipos de desgastes dentários de diferentes etiologias. A erosão dentária pode promover problemas estéticos, funcionais e a alteração na oclusão quando não controlada. Considerações finais: a prevalência em crianças com dentição permanente variou de 7,2% a 55.5%, e os resultados apontam que a maior prevalência de erosão dentária está associada com a maior idade e o maior consumo de alguns alimentos ácidos, como os refrigerantes, e com o menor consumo de alguns alimentos lácteos, como o leite. Em crianças e adolescentes, a severidade das lesões foi limitada ao esmalte. A associação a alguns fatores socioeconômicos e biológicos demonstrou resultados divergentes.

Tooth erosion and dental caries in schoolchildren: is there a relationship between them?

AIM: To identify a possible association between the occurrence of dental caries and tooth erosion and to correlate the dietary factor with an increased risk of dental caries. METHODS: A cross-sectional study in a multistage random sample of 1,211, 8 to 12-years-old Brazilian schoolchildren in private and public schools was conducted in Pelotas, Brazil. The prevalence of dental caries and tooth erosion was assessed. Dietary habits data were collected by a structured questionnaire. Data were analyzed using Poisson regression model taking into account the cluster sample (Prevalence ratio - PR; 95% Confidence Interval - CI). RESULTS: The prevalence of dental caries and tooth erosion was 32.4% (95% CI: 30.0; 35.2) and 25.0% (95% CI: 23.4; 29.0), respectively. Most children had high consumption of sweets (65%). Consumption of fruits, such as oranges (31%), strawberries (23.6%), pineapple (12%), and natural fruit juices (oranges, lemon) was low. Soft drinks consumption, 3 or more times a week was observed in 40% of the children. CONCLUSIONS: Dental caries was not statistically associated with tooth erosion. The consumption of acidic fruits/drinks was not associated with dental caries. Dental caries and dental erosion were not associated with each other and with acidic fruits or drinks consumption.

How are children and adolescents cleaning their orthodontic appliances? A cross-sectional study in private schools

AIM: To determine the prevalence and the hygiene methods used by 6-16-year-old private school children and adolescents to clean removable orthodontic appliances (ROA) in the city of Pelotas, RS, Brazil. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in private schools located in the urban area after the school tutors signed an informed consent form. Questionnaires were applied to children using removable orthodontic appliances. Data regarding hygiene methods of orthodontic appliances were collected. Descriptive analysis was performed. Pearson's chi-square test and Linear Trend with a confidence level of 95% were used for analytical analysis. RESULTS: Children using ROA in private schools were 7.6%. The most frequent hygiene method used was mechanical cleansing with toothbrush and toothpaste (85.6%). Daily cleansing was the frequency most reported by children (51.6%). CONCLUSIONS: Use of ROA in students from private schools was low and the most used hygiene method was brushing with toothpaste.